The Big Bang theory, our universe's cosmic origins, proposes that approximately 13.8 billion years ago all matter, energy, space, and time originated from an infinitesimally small, infinitely dense, and extraordinarily hot singularity that rapidly expanded and cooled, transforming from a state of pure energy into the fundamental particles that would eventually form atoms, molecules, stars, galaxies, and ultimately, everything we observe in the cosmos today, including ourselves. 1 This revolutionary scientific framework, initially proposed by Belgian priest and physicist Georges Lemaitre in 1927 and later termed the "Big Bang" by astronomer Fred Hoyle (ironically as a derisive label despite Hoyle himself advocating for a competing "steady state" theory), has withstood nearly a century of rigorous scientific scrutiny and accumulated substantial empirical support from multiple independent lines of evidence, most notably Edwin Hubble's 1929 observation that galaxies are receding from us at velocities proportional to their distance (known as Hubble's Law), indicating an expanding universe which, when mathematically reversed, converges to a single point in the distant past. Equally compelling is the 1965 serendipitous discovery by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) a faint, omnidirectional electromagnetic radiation permeating the entire universe with a temperature of approximately 2.7 Kelvin, precisely matching the theoretical prediction that the early universe was filled with hot, opaque plasma that eventually cooled enough (about 380,000 years after the Big Bang during an epoch called "recombination") to allow photons to travel freely through space, preserving an "echo" or "snapshot" of the early universe that continues traveling through space today as microwave radiation. 2 Furthermore, the observed abundance of light elements in the universe primarily hydrogen (75%) and helium (25%) with trace amounts of lithium aligns remarkably well with theoretical calculations of nucleosynthesis during the first few minutes after the Big Bang when conditions were hot and dense enough for nuclear fusion to occur but only briefly enough to create these lighter elements before expansion and cooling halted further fusion processes, and the large-scale structure of the universe the distribution of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters forming a cosmic web interspersed with vast voids provides additional evidence as computer simulations based on Big Bang cosmology accurately predict these observed structures. The theoretical framework of the Big Bang has been continuously refined over decades to incorporate new observations and address challenges, most notably with the addition of cosmic inflation theory, proposed by Alan Guth in 1980, suggesting that the universe underwent an exponential expansion during the first infinitesimal fraction of a second (approximately 10-36 to 10-32seconds) after the Big Bang, elegantly explaining why the universe appears remarkably homogeneous and isotropic at large scales (the cosmic horizon problem) and why its geometry appears flat (the flatness problem), also explaining the origin of quantum fluctuations that would later grow into the cosmic microwave background anisotropies and ultimately seed the formation of galaxies and larger cosmic structures. 3 Observations in the late 1990s by two independent teams studying distant supernovae revealed that the universe's expansion is actually accelerating rather than slowing down as previously expected, leading to the proposal of dark energy a mysterious negative pressure permeating all of space which constitutes approximately 68% of the universe's energy content according to current models, complementing dark matter, an equally mysterious form of matter that interacts gravitationally but not electromagnetically, making it invisible to direct observation but necessary to explain galactic rotation curves, gravitational